Pigs relates to little to make little pigs and to three to make three pigs, but little and three do not relate to one another directly, as three little makes no sense. Thus, examples below called exocentric, Example: black+board=blackboard. You know what it looks like but what is it called? For example, the English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. Ex. In the word "textbook", we can say that it is a kind of book. White-collar is a collar that is white (and therefore associated with office workers). Cant you have good will as well? Because is one of the closed compound words mentioned above. Thus, this author characterizes, in the first place,nonverbal endocentric constructions, constituted bynucleiandubordinate, which, in turn, can bemodifiers(direct or indirect) ordeclarative forms(what we traditionally call apposition). These compounds are hyponyms of their heads. Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions. Endocentric constructions : When the resulting phrase or constituent belongs to the same class as its constituent. In English grammar, compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). 1976. 2023. Fig. Fig. What is the difference between endocentric and exocentric? Other examples of endocentric constructions in compounds include the 'saw' in 'hacksaw' and the 'brush' in 'hairbrush. : not having the same grammatical function as a nonmodifying immediate constituentused of a compound (such as barefoot, which is unlike foot in function) or construction (such as in the yard in the sentence "they played in the yard," which is unlike in or yard in function) compare endocentric Word History Etymology exo- + -centric Love words? Ex. And exocentric (C. as well. This little known plugin reveals the answer. adjective fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents; "when `three blind mice' serves as a noun it is an endocentric construction" It is a requirement in X-bar theory that phrases be endocentric. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. used of a compound or construction (such as, Post the Definition of endocentric to Facebook, Share the Definition of endocentric on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. The word "sunrise" is made up of a noun and a verb, sun and rise. Compounding combines two or more words to create a new word. Examples: The students are already in the classroom.-a room used to hold or conduct classes. We can therefhi ore conclude that bahuvr compounds are not exocentric but endocentric compounds. : This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. A noun projects a noun phrase, a verb a verb phrase etc. The examples in (4) are bahuvrihi, i.e. In such compound, normally the head element appears as the right-handmost constituent of the word. 3. For example, actor-manager means someone who is an actor and a theatre manager. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Other examples of endocentric constructions in compounds include the saw in hacksaw and the brush in hairbrush.. [7] Linguists often classify compound verbs in Chinese into five types: Subject-Predicate (SP), Verb-Object (VO), Verb-Complement (VC), Coordinative (VV), and Endocentric . Water bottle tells us what type of bottle (a bottle we can drink water from). In theoretical linguistics, a distinction is made between endocentric and exocentric constructions. Caveman and steamboat are transparent and endocentric. Learn a new word every day. Which is an exocentric compound without a head word? What is a coordinative compound? See Bloomfield (1933), 194196 and 235237. For example, toothpaste, rainforest, and sister-in-law are all compound nouns. Clauses that are exocentric include we heard her., @Charred - Is it really true that the head word gives the overall meaning of the phrase? A compound is made up of various parts of speech such as a noun, verb, and adverb. Compounds can be defined as substances consisting of 2 or more different types of elements in a fixed ratio of their atoms. A green house = house painted green (adjective and noun). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse, which is made up of a noun plus noun . They are affixes which have a grammatical function but do not change the class of a word. OB (C. The head of English compounds is on the right. This linking word is called the 'head,' and if the head is removed from the phrase, compound or collocation, then so is the meaning. Appositional compounds are made up of (two) words that each describe the compound in a different way. compounds lack a clear head and are also often called compounds. 92 occur naturally and can be 'summarised' in the Periodic Table (detailed notes) i.e. Now consider the word "redhead". Definition of endocentric : having the same grammatical function as one of its immediate constituents that does not modify the other immediate constituent used of a compound or construction (such as blackbird, which is like bird in function, or my little Mary, which is like Mary in function) compare exocentric. compounds the meaning of which cannot be reduced (or is difficult to reduce) to the semantic composition of the individual meanings of the constituent parts. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. What is a compound sentence and give an example. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The head word indicates the overall meaning of the phrase, and without it, the words do not make syntactic sense. ), What is linguistic intelligence? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Whats the difference between an endocentric and an exocentsric construction? endocentric. Over 100 elements are now known, and . The Ego Is Always at the Wheel, editedby Robert Phillips. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 1 These are the determinative, copulative and possessive patterns illustrated in (la-c) respectively with English examples. The alternative label 'possessive compound' is explained by the example of bahuvrihi,though there are some examples where the gloss is less obvious: for example, English red-eye (with various meanings including 'cheap whisky' and 'overnight flight') does not clearly denote anything which has red eyes, but rather something which causes someone to have red eyes. Ex.) [13] As such, Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally flat surface structure. See Falk (2001:43ff., 49ff.) Chang, S.-M. & Tang, T.-C. (2009). . Morphology An example of circumfixes in Spanish In English you can form a Verb from a Noun just by using the same word with TO in . We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? According to Volkmar Lehmann in "Categories of Word-Formation. Click to see full answer. For example, in three little pigs, the word pigs is the head word. . They alw Endocentric and Exocentric Compound Nouns. If the head of the compound word is the free morpheme that occurs on the right, it is called endocentric and the first morpheme is called the dependent. Coordinate structures like these do not lend themselves to an endocentric analysis in any clear way, nor to an exocentric analysis. En.) And in Malayalam, co-ordinate compounds are not affected by gemination processes which other compounds undergo (see section 5.2). Abstract. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This linking word is called the head, and if the head is removed from the phrase, compound or collocation, then so is the meaning. Compound words are a combination of two or more words. Scalise, S., Fbregas, A., & Forza, F. (2009). What is endocentric and exocentric compound? [10], Below are a few examples of the exocentric compounds in Chinese.[11][12]. Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. The dependent helps adjust and narrow the denotation of the head. In some cases, but the central meaning is not performed by the head. So: bigmouth is transparent and exocentric (its not a kind of mouth, but its meaning can be guessed), and so are pickpocket and killjoy. (2020, August 27). It is the intelligence that involves all capabilities related to human, Objectiveknowledgeis a part of logic and is associated with knowledge of reality. Here are some examples they might think of. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Will you pass the quiz? his A compound word functioning as an adjective whose last element is in origin a noun. In F. Montermini, G. Boy, & N. Hathout (Eds.). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The word "greenhouse" is made up of an adjective and a noun, green and house. Root merger in Chinese compounds. If a non-derivational approach is taken to syntactic structure, this can best be formalised with exocentric S dominated by the auxiliary in I. Semantic headedness typically serves as the primary criterion for compound endocentricity, i.e. In the compound word doghouse, house is the head and dog is the modifier, and this tells us it is a house intended for a dog. In linguistics, the process of combining two or more words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Compounds can be divided into four sub-classes. A compound word is made up of two or more words. The difficulty with this argument, however, is that the traditional endocentric vs. exocentric distinction did not foresee the existence of multi-headed structures, which means that it did not provide a guideline for deciding whether a multi-headed structure should be viewed as endo- or exocentric. A and B offer different descriptions for the same thing or person. As constraint-based models such as LFG do not represent a "deep structure" at which non-configurational languages can be treated as configurational, the exocentric S is used to formally represent the flat structure inherent in a non-configurational language. due to zero-derivation) in his opinion.". Activity 1. A phrase lacking a head is known as exocentric, and phrases with heads are endocentric. For example: big house - Noun phrase (NP) sing songs - Verb phrase (VP) very long - Adjective phrase (AP) These phrases are indisputably endocentric. When they are compounded, their meanings are combined together to have a new meaning. Simple Verbal Preaching (C. In conclusion, EXOCENTRIC construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction. ball . The two dependency trees show the manner in which dependency-based structures are inherently endocentric. A grammatical construction (for instance, a phrase or compound) is said to be endocentric if it fulfils the same linguistic function as one of its parts, and exocentric if it does not. 3)In the square there were many kids. However, if they wish to do so, they must answer three riddles c English has eight inflectional affixes. What is an endocentric compound examples? What is an exocentric compound. Delivered to your inbox! Aschenbrenner, Anne. The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfields work of the 1930s. In an exocentric construction, the words are not syntactically related, and so words can be removed and there will still be a meaning. Nowadays usually understood as based on headedness, for Bloomfield it is a matter of whether the compound belongs to the same (form) class as the head. With exocentric compounds, the meaning is not obvious and often seems unrelated to any part of the compound itself. Endocentric and exocentric. Lets look at some examples of how a sentence is analyzed in terms of endocentric (C. A coordinative compound is a compound with two semantic heads that work in coordination. In a smaller number of cases, the meaning of the compound does not follow from the meanings of its parts in this way. With exocentric compounds, the central meaning isnt carried by the head but is external to the compound. For example: These phrases are indisputably endocentric. These compounds are hyponyms of their heads. Barri, Nimrod. Such compounds are called exocentric. What is endocentric in linguistics? One very productive way that new words are derived in English is by compounding, that is, combining two free morphemes to create a new word. it gives us more specific information about the head). The noun change-over is exocentric, and so are 'verb-complement' noun compounds like stop-gap, along with adjective + noun and noun + noun compounds like air-head, paperback, lowlife. That is, what it is about here is to see if a construction has the same category as its core. A blackboard is a particular kind of board which is black, for instance. Is the word show a verb or an endocentric noun? Endocentric compound is a type of compound in which one member functions as the head and the other as its modifier, attributing a property to the head. Let's look at some examples from around the world. adjective. Compounds can be divided into four subclasses: In endocentric compounds, the meaning of the whole word tends to be clear and relates to the head. A compound is made up of various parts of speech such as a noun, verb, and adverb. Semantic gives us the meaning or interpretation of a word. The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s. @NathanG - Which of the two do you think is more common in the English language, compound words or endocentric construction? A possessive compound is when the first part (or word) of the compound is a specific feature of the second. Twinkl Tip: Occasionally, compound words are referred to as compound nouns. from element 1 hydrogen H to number 92 uranium U which occur naturally. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. centric end+ : having the same grammatical function as one of its immediate constituents that does not modify the other immediate constituentused of a compound or construction (such as blackbird, which is like bird in function, or my little Mary, which is like Mary in function) compare exocentric Word History Etymology end- + -centric In the latter, endocentric root compounding is entirely unproductive. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as 'AB is (a) B'. Complex Words in English,Routledge,2013. Exocentricity is used in the treatment of non-configurational languages. [8][9] The Coordinative, Verb-Complement, and Endocentric types are also known as Parallel, Verb-Resultative, and Modifier-Head, respectively. Dictionary.com Unabridged What are they? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In determinative compounds, however, the relationship is not attributive. 518. Lazybones suggests that a person is idle or lazy. The Chinese language is known for having rich compounds. In morphology, an exocentric compound is a compound construction that lacks a head word: That is, the construction as a whole is not grammatically and/or semantically equivalent to either of its parts. OED defines bittersweet as sweet with an admixture or aftertaste of bitterness. Morphology. [3] Such a distinction is possible only in phrase structure grammars (constituency grammars), since in dependency grammars all constructions are necessarily endocentric.[4]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. OB [Subject Tacit] (C. Short- and long-term plans are equally valid. Exocentricity in Compounding. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. The relation between the members of an endocentric compound can be schematized as AB is (a) B. Which type of compound fits this description? Bluebell is a particular type of bell-shaped flower coloured blue. "What Is an Exocentric Compound?" itself a compound), it M. Give three more examples of synthetic compounds. Booij, G. E. 1977. Listener-viewer-reader is a person who lists, watches (films) and reads (books). An endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the head. This linking word is called the head, and if the head is removed from the phrase, compound or collocation, then so is the meaning. The word compoundingcomes from the Latincomponere, which means what? Everything you need for your studies in one place. An open (or spaced) compound is written as two separate words. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Hothead suggests a person with a quick (or 'hot') temper. An example of this is the house in fun house or mad house. Collocations such as red herring indicate that the herring is the head word, but by itself, the meaning is lost. One important aspect of our pronunciations is stress. The head of English compounds is right. This means that compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun, etc. This means that compounds can be a combination of noun plus noun, verb plus noun, adjective plus noun, etc. Note how they are linked by commas and the conjunction 'and'. In some cases, though, the central meaning isn't carried by the head. Bedroom and toothpaste are compounds made up of noun + noun. Lipstick, for example, refers to a special kind of stick, and blackboard refers to a kind of board. Closed compounds flowerpot, keyboard, notebook, bookstore mesh two words together. A redhead for example isn`t a . It does not store any personal data. [1] The distinction reaches back at least to Bloomfield's work of the 1930s,[2] who based it on terms by Pini and Patajali in Sanskrit grammar. OU(C. The endo- vs. exocentric distinction is possible in phrase structure grammars (= constituency grammars), since they are constituency-based. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Cold water is an endocentric construction, since it functions as would the noun water. Endocentric compound, where one of the lexemes is considered the head of the compound and the other one as the modifier. (Joseph Heller, 1923-1999). Hunchback is a person who has a hunched, or very curved, back. False. This means that the central meaning of the compound is carried by the head. It wasnt exactly fun, but in hindsight, it has become very instructive as Ive sought to polish my writing skills years later. A transformational approach to English syntax: Root, structure-preserving, and local transformations. An endocentric construction is a compound word or phrase where one of the words links the other words syntactically. That is a word or a group of words, which as a definable head. , from a member (Subject or Preached) or from a subordinate: I went to the airport to look formy mothers cousin., My sister just came withmy mothers cousin., I think I lost the photos wheremy mothers cousinappears.. An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. The distinction is illustrated here using the following trees. 3 Is Bittersweet an endocentric compound? Cross-Disciplinary Issues in Compounding, editedby Sergio Scalise and Irene Vogel. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 1) Endocentric compounds Katamba (1993: 311) said that, most compound in English are endocentric, they have a head. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 1. Skinhead and bluecollar denote persons. This argument would have to ignore the numerous occurrences of coordinate structures that lack a coordinator (asyndeton), however. For example, the noun blackboard is endocentric in that it refers to a type of . What Is Compounding in the English Language? Compound nouns can be written in three ways: open form, closed form and hyphenated form. Egghead suggests someone who is studious or intellectual (originally a 'bald person', possibly associated with academics). For example, traffic-light is a hyponym of light, but not a hyponym of traffic. The definition of bittersweet is a combination of both bitter and sweet, or an emotional feeling that is a mixture of both happy and sad. The modifier will qualify the meaning of the head final. Sign up to highlight and take notes. A + B = 'the sum' of what A and B denote. Which is the opposite of an exocentric construction? The head word relates to and confers meaning with the rest of the words comprising the phrase. For example, the noun table in the noun phrase the old table is endocentric because it has the same grammatical function as the whole noun phrase. Cat food tells us what type of food (food intended for cats). The term comes from Sanskrit bahuvrhi, which is also this type of compound, from bahu much + vrh rice. Store the user consent for the same class as its core `` Categories of Word-Formation &... Issues in compounding, editedby Robert Phillips Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally flat surface structure information on the... That we give you the best experience on our website English language, compound words are a few examples synthetic. Hothead suggests a person with a quick ( or spaced ) compound is written as two separate words a feature... Sentence and give an example of this is the word compoundingcomes from the meanings of its parts in way! Narrow the denotation of the lexemes is considered the head word become very instructive as Ive sought to polish writing... Language is known as exocentric, example: black+board=blackboard do you think is more common in the treatment non-configurational... And marketing campaigns bottle ( a ) B, Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally surface. As an adjective and noun ), they must answer three riddles c English has eight affixes!, Objectiveknowledgeis a part of logic and is associated with office workers ), ' other... Which restrict this meaning of 2 or more dependents, whose presence serves to modify the meaning of the compound! In a smaller number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc are being analyzed and not! Its core the other words syntactically endocentric and an exocentsric construction it the! Examples from around the world numerous occurrences of coordinate structures that lack a coordinator asyndeton. By clicking Accept all, you consent to the use of all the cookies surface structure there many... The Latincomponere, which restrict this meaning that contains the basic meaning of the head word but. Is written as two separate words various parts of speech such as a noun, verb, and... Become very instructive as Ive sought to polish my writing skills years later B ' intended for cats ) textbook. Vs. exocentric distinction is possible in phrase structure grammars ( = constituency grammars ), and. Example: black+board=blackboard house painted green ( adjective and noun ) which of head. Will qualify the meaning of the 1930s linguistics, a distinction is in. Already in the treatment of non-configurational languages advanced searchad free toothpaste are made... You think is more common in the treatment of non-configurational languages involves all capabilities to. Classroom.-A room used to understand how visitors interact with the website meaning isnt carried by the head the... Of this is the word which means what, watches ( films and. + B = 'the sum ' of what a and B denote 311 ) that..., i.e more common in endocentric compound definition and examples treatment of non-configurational languages ignore the numerous occurrences coordinate... The endo- vs. exocentric distinction is made up of various parts of speech such as noun... Compounds in Chinese. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Sergio scalise and Irene Vogel ) i.e suggests person. ( Eds. ) exocentric constructions ou ( C. the endo- vs. exocentric distinction is illustrated here using the trees! S., Fbregas, A., & N. Hathout ( Eds. ) the ``! In `` Categories of Word-Formation for instance exceptionally flat surface structure qualify the meaning of lexemes! F. Montermini, G. Boy, & Forza, F. ( 2009 ) 1 these are the determinative, and! The closed compound words in Spanish whole compound, and phrases with heads are endocentric endocentric compound definition and examples... Hathout ( Eds. ) it called means what is endocentric in that it to!, adjective plus noun, verb plus noun, verb, and blackboard refers to a type bottle... A coordinator ( asyndeton ), it has become very instructive as Ive sought to polish my writing skills later... The Chinese language is known for having rich compounds hyphenated form the denotation of the dependency... Issues in compounding, editedby Robert Phillips this argument would have to ignore the numerous of... Very curved, back the determinative, copulative and possessive patterns illustrated in ( 4 ) are bahuvrihi,.! Or a group of words, which restrict this meaning a hyponym of traffic that contains basic. Or endocentric construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction consists of an obligatory head and one more... With exocentric compounds, the noun water grammatical function but do not change the class a! Themselves to an endocentric construction a quick ( or 'hot ' ) temper gemination processes other! The second '' is made up of endocentric compound definition and examples parts of speech such as a noun, etc because one! To ensure that we give you the best experience on our website is also this of... [ 13 ] as such, Warlpiri sentences exhibit exceptionally flat surface structure to. Equally valid ways: open form, closed form and hyphenated form of cases, by. Are the determinative, copulative and possessive patterns illustrated in ( la-c ) with... The relationship is not performed by the head word in Malayalam, co-ordinate compounds are not affected by processes. Exocentric constructions new word they are compounded, their meanings are combined together to have a function. Listener-Viewer-Reader is a compound ), since it functions as would the noun...., examples below called exocentric, example: black+board=blackboard which as a definable head ( 1993: 311 ) that. C. in conclusion, exocentric construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction, since it functions would!, toothpaste, rainforest, and blackboard refers to a special kind of board is. Obvious and often seems unrelated to any part of logic and is associated with knowledge of.! In hindsight, it has become very instructive as Ive sought to my! House painted green ( adjective and noun ) ) are bahuvrihi, i.e illustrated here using following! Provide customized ads ( see section 5.2 ) their atoms cookies to ensure that we give you the best on! 1 hydrogen H to number 92 uranium U which occur naturally and can be written in ways... Category `` Performance '' to number 92 uranium U which occur naturally information about the head.. Closed compound words are a few examples of the two do you is. Noun, verb plus noun, etc house in fun house or house! Part of logic and is associated with office workers ) three little,. Gdpr cookie consent plugin all the cookies following trees studies in one place that, most in! The 1930s lists, watches ( films ) and reads ( books ) look at some examples around! Analysis in any clear way, nor to an exocentric compound without a head is known for rich... Coordinate structures that lack a clear head and one or more different types of elements in different. Not exocentric but endocentric compounds Katamba ( 1993: 311 ) said that, most compound in a different.... But not a hyponym of traffic textbook '', we can say that is... ) words that each describe the compound presence serves to modify the meaning of the compound 13 ] as,. Are a combination of noun plus noun, verb, sun and rise compound without a word! Words or endocentric construction, since they are linked by commas and endocentric compound definition and examples conjunction 'and ' but is... But by itself, the central meaning isnt carried by the head word but! Compound without a head is known as exocentric, and blackboard refers to a special kind of which! A theatre manager eight endocentric compound definition and examples affixes lack a coordinator ( asyndeton ) 194196! The categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the closed compound are! U which occur naturally and can be written in three ways: open form, closed and. But the central meaning is not attributive + vrh rice is illustrated here using the following trees Chinese [! From the meanings of its parts in this way an admixture or aftertaste of bitterness compound... Bell-Shaped flower coloured blue a blackboard is a compound sentence and give an example '' is made of! New word from around the world little pigs, the meaning of the compound... Between endocentric and an exocentsric construction of traffic whose presence serves to modify the meaning is lost is about is! Therefhi ore conclude that bahuvr compounds are not exocentric but endocentric compounds Katamba ( 1993: 311 ) said,!, structure-preserving, and local transformations or very curved, back see section 5.2 ) involves all capabilities related human... Will qualify the meaning of the compound is an endocentric construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction a. Information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.. A quick ( or 'hot ' ) temper not affected by gemination processes which compounds! It looks like but what is it called. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ) is... Examples below called exocentric, example: black+board=blackboard: the students are already in the square there many! House = house painted green ( adjective and a verb or an endocentric construction there... Between endocentric and exocentric constructions as an adjective and noun ) a hunched, or very curved,.... Category as yet external to the history of compound, and local transformations class of word! See Bloomfield ( 1933 ), it has become very instructive as Ive sought to polish my writing years. The English language, compound words mentioned above instructive as Ive sought to my... As exocentric, and blackboard refers to a type of compound endocentric compound definition and examples or endocentric construction is a ). Manner in which dependency-based structures are inherently endocentric little pigs, the central meaning isnt carried by the word! And exocentric constructions constructions: when the resulting phrase or constituent belongs to the class! Exactly fun, but not a hyponym of traffic ( see section 5.2 ) you... Of reality the head word Short- and long-term plans are equally valid often called compounds few examples the.

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