At that time, mathematical economics was a departure in the sense that it proposed formulas to quantify changes in the economy. Its all very self-explanatory and insightful. Beautiful and complex mathematics can be meaningless when it doesn't correspond to reality. Elements of probability theory, sampling theory, statistical estimation, regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. Smith, Election years, like this past year, often times bring up controversial topics that a person may feel more one sided about rather than the other. Financial mathematics is the product of applying mathematics to portfolio selection theory and option pricing theory. Statistics are affected by a large number of features and not just one item. Any discussion in the concept of Economics and significance of Statistics in Economics notes would necessarily focus on different features of Statistics as well. Chemistry Book & Leahlefler- yes, very true! It helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study by collecting an appropriate quantitative data. The objective of econometrics as a whole is to convert qualitative statementssuch as the relationship between two or more variables is positiveinto quantitative statementssuch as consumption expenditure increases by 95 cents for every one dollar increase in disposable income.. But Weintraub's book is much more than just engaging; it is also a very It looks at the role that economic conditions, incentives, and other factors play in influencing the production, dissemination, and reception of literature and culture. : A review of Debunking Economics by Steve Keen. This is done with the help of percentage size, average, and level of relationship between different economic variables. The number represented by one business is not related to statistics. We can also depict this in relation to price. In the context of a discussion about Economics and Statistics, the study of various Economy theories or its application needs to be necessarily analysed by way of numbers. Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals with numbers and their operations. As we're flooded with ever more information, econometric methods have become ubiquitous in economics. And I am suspicious about the applicability of certain forms of mathematics to represent behavior of heterogenous groups of individuals each reacting differently to various goods and services. Thus the statistical analysis of economic data also plays a significant role in an undergraduate economics major, specifically featured in courses on econometrics, and interwoven into courses in a variety of economic fields. Introduction to Econometrics. " " ( " "), 4. I think the received view in economics today known as neo-classical economics, seeks to build its theories on behavior of an individual and homogeneous sets of individuals. Now statistics holds a central position in almost every field like Industry, Commerce, Trade, Physics, Chemistry, Economics, Mathematics, Biology, Botany, Psychology, astronomy etc, . Probability and statistics play a vital role in every field of human activity. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. This problem has led many scholars and even policy makers to numerous and even unsuccessful resolutions. The final stage is the interpretation of data to arrive at a conclusion based on the data sets. So basically, there exists an inverse relation between price and quantity demanded for a particular good. Two economic schools of thought are classical and Keynesian. 2. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. . In Economics, scarcity is the main problem. It is also helpful to identify patterns in the data. Voted up. For instance, the Theory of Demand must be eventually supported by the examination of data on incomes, quantities and prices. It enables a comparison between facts. Robert Kelly is managing director of XTS Energy LLC, and has more than three decades of experience as a business executive. Thanks meloncauli, that was the idea! This however, is false. In "Teaching Kids Why Math Matters", Cindy Donaldson builds an argument that math will be in our lives for as long as we know it. Census techniques and samples are commonly used in this category. In other words, it turns theoretical economic models into useful tools for economic policymaking. and mathematical statistics". Besides, what better way of explaining the concepts of prices, quantity of goods sold, and costs without referring to numerical examples? In addition, this involves holding various stages of mathematical research. LOL.I'm glad I read it, though. Statistical data analysis plays a crucial role in scientific discoveries, research, economic decisions, government budgeting, public welfare activities, weather forecast, and stock analysis. A proper method of data collection has to be decided regarding the nature of study, scope and objective of the research, grants provided etc. This bled back into economics as a whole, and now most economic theories feature some type of mathematical proof. Indeed there has been a long-standing argument on how important is mathematical works relevant to economics and the uses of economics. James Newman (1907-1966, an American mathematician and mathematical historian). The types of math used in economics are primarily algebra, calculus and statistics. 1. Statistical inference in economics, namely econometric analysis, plays a crucial methodological role in modern economics, particularly in empirical studies in economics. Economics often studies the monetary policy of a government and other information using mathematical or statistical calculations. This type of analysis involves the process if analyzing and collecting information and then summarize the information into a numerical format., The study of economics helps to develop an individual's analytical skills and allows students to better predict the logical consequences of their actions., Statistics is defined as the science of data, which involves capturing, analyzing, classifying, summarizing, organizing, and interpreting numerical data. In 2020 I graduated from the University of Bonn with a BSc in Mathematics and BSc in Economics and started a MSc in Statistics at the Humboldt University of Berlin and Charit Berlin with a focus on Data Science and Biostatistics. It is a system where the economy is administered by allowing several parties who make a significant contribution to the economy compete so as to serve the interests of consumers and is bounded by a certain set of rules and laws. The development of Economic theories requires grounding on Statistics for the creation of viable models. Here are two (non-exhaustive) examples of important ways in which economists use calculus: to optimize functions. Although the discipline of economics is heavily influenced by the bias of. As someone who's awfully bad at math, I have to admit I was somewhat discouraged to read this hub when I first saw the title! We cannot imagine economics without statistics. These are used to collect and analyze data for factors, such as per capita income and inflation rate. Little do i know, I',, be using the info now that I'm working. Apart from that, it is also helpful for the reduction and condensation of data. Mathematical economics is a method of economics that utilizes math principles and tools to create economic theories and to investigate economic quandaries. With the rapid development of the economic situation, the products and derivatives of the financial industry are constantly optimized and innovative, and new financial products and services are gradually increasing. Mathematical economics allows economists to formulate testable hypotheses on a wide array of complicated subjects and topics. role="math" localid="1658296119475" x . During this time, mathematics was a means of solving questions and puzzles that the universe had left. Individual demand and supply curves plotted on a graph. Like advanced calculus and linear algebra, probability and statistics are indispensable mathematical tools in economics. There are many uses for statistics, "but perhaps its most important purpose is to help us make good decisions about issues that involve uncertainty" (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2003, p. 8)., Statistics plays a vital role in every fields of human activity. Now we observe this in our everyday behavior, dont we (exception is necessary goods and luxury items, but let us not get into that to avoid confusion to the reader)? The paper concludes by demonstrating the importance of mathematical higher order thinking skills with examples followed by a discussion of Few of the vital limitation include (1) Qualitative aspects such as health not taken into consideration (2) No focus on individual items as only aggregate is indicated (3) Discrepancy in data collection may alter the result or lead to misinterpretation (4) Result accuracy can be best found in average etc. this is not uses of economics . Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of goods and services. This is the reason why the second phase deals with the classification of collected data. any disadvantages using mathematics in teaching economics. have no value attached to the universal mathematical value. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. In How Economics Became a Mathematical Science, Roy Weintraub (2002) has given us some fascinating stories, occasionally personal and autobiographical, about the development of mathematical economics. Author(s) James T. McClave, P. George Benson, Terry Sincich. Instruction includes an examination of the role of statistics in research; understanding statistical terminology; use of appropriate statistical techniques; and interpretation of findings in the fields of economics, business, nursing, and medical research. Formulating statements about economic theories in mathematical terms must always depend on a painstakingly precise definition of the terms that are being treated as quantities in a mathematical model. It is divided mainly dived into two types namely Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics. First, it allows economic theorists to use mathematical tools such as algebra and calculus to describe economic phenomena and draw precise inferences from their basic assumptions and definitions. CassyLu1981 from Wilmington, NC on June 01, 2012: Incredible hub :) very informative and well written! It is an essential part of day-to-day life even. The most common techniques adopted for data collection are sampling techniques or census techniques. Econometrics attempts to translate abstract economic theories into useful tools for everyday economic policymaking by combining mathematical economics with statistical methods. What Don't Economists Know Now that Marshall Knew a Century Ago? You have described it well with some good examples. Data sets are required to present causal relationships between different phenomena, which become particularly important for policy formulation. Capitalist economies, also called free market economies, empower individuals and private businesses to decide most economic matters. You will also be given the opportunity to specialise in the latter stages of your degree, for example, in applied economics, advanced statistics, mathematical modelling of complex processes, or developing "Big Data" skills. He is a professor of economics and has raised more than $4.5 billion in investment capital. Statistics is the subject that deals with the information gained by the data. Benefits of Statistical Study in Economics, Disadvantages of Statistical Study in Economics, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. What are the Different Stages of Statistical Method? Statistics is defined in Statistics for Business and Economics, as the science of data. Economic policy decisions are rarely made without mathematical modeling to assess their impact and new economics papers are rarely published without some mathematics in them. A note on Marshall's "sophisticated informality, The Neumann-Morgenstern Project Game Theory as a Formal Language for the Social Sciences, Should Economics aspire to become mathematical? Here are a few economic benefits: -. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Very well-written, interesting and much easier to follow than I thought it would be. It is a workplace used between manufacturers and consumers. This is a fantastic description of supply and demand. . Mathematical functions are modes through which these real-life phenomena are made more understandable and logical. There are many economic math tools that help you do this job successfully. According to the dictionary, "economics is the science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services or the material welfare of human kind." HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Specific content include: statistical design, statistical research, aggregate indexes, relative indexes, average indexes, sign variability indexes, time series prediction, statistics indexes, sample inferred, correlation analysis, aggregate indexes for the national economy etc., Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. Finance is a subject that is a relevant to everyone in the world. Census techniques and samples are commonly used in this category. Calculus is one of the most widely-used branches of mathematics in economics. There is much to read about basic concepts and understanding the various aspects of the market, economy, business, and understanding simple definitions of price, supply, demand, costs, etc. A few basic distinctions separate these two schools., Statistics is a core curriculum for students in finance and economics major, which is a science method that starts with data to study the status and development of the society economic phenomenon. Identifying patterns and predicting economic events. Its dictionary meaning states that,. Let us understand this in some detail. Similarly, supply is defined as the willingness of the supplier to provide the quantity of a particular good at various prices. It helps us understand and analyze economic theories and denote correlations between variables such as demand, supply, price, output etc. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Because individuals often vary considerably in their behavior in psychology, I am suspicious of the arm-chair reasoning based on ideal, rational individuals. This includes what things to make and sell, how much they cost, how to use resources and where to live and work. He published his most famous book, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776, at the time of the American Revolution. For example, any data on malnutrition will not only include poverty as one of its underlying causes but also other aspects such as hygiene, practices of a marginalised community etc. Statistics for economics concerns itself with the collection, processing, and analysis of specific economic data. Economic statistics are also useful in attracting economic ideas. Economics is a social science, what makes it different is its use of mathematics and statistics to prove theories and concepts while still incorporating other subjects, such as politics, philosophy, and geography (Maths Help for Econnomics Students). It is important to keep in mind that variations exist in populations and processed data., The meaning of statistics to me means, to collect, organize, and analyze a set of information that has been gathered. is not allowed in the mathematical universe. Statistics are very helpful in creating an effective policy. What Is Business Forecasting? It is a book that is easy to read and offers many different theological perspectives when it comes to economics. It means that, unlike mathematics or accountancy, a high degree of accuracy is not insisted upon in this field. Riverfish24 (author) from United States on June 05, 2012: Yay! The objective of econometrics is to convert qualitative statements (such as "the relationship between two or more variables is positive . There are many economic benefits to economics. The collection of data can be done through sample techniques or by taking a census. 1. You rock!! Whereas ethics are the "values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions". Formal economic modeling began in the 19th century with the use of differential calculus to represent and explain economic behaviour, such as utility maximization, an early economic application of mathematical optimization. I doubt the validity of the equilibrium theory of markets. Economists and mathematicians have made important contributions to one another's disciplines. Statistics has important role in determining the existing position of per capita income, unemployment, population growth rate, housing, schooling medical facilities etcin a country. . Q69E. 17). This reading will explain the basic economic and ideological foundations of capitalism. The scientific method itself is essentially a chain of logical sta. An economic indicator refers to data, usually at the macroeconomic scale, that is used to gauge the health or growth trends of a nation's economy, or of a specific industry sector. The statistics in economics involve the technique to deal with the collection of data, tabulation, classification, and presentation of data. An econometrician uses mathematics and statistics to model, study, and predict economic doctrine and outcome. Thus, when one plots this on a graph wherein the x-axis (horizontal line) depicts quantity and the y-axis (vertical line) depicts price, the line formed by connecting the various points of price and matching quantities demanded will depict a downward sloping line or curve called the individual demand curve for a particular good. What table 1 shows about demand is that as the price of a particular good increases the quantity demanded falls. Everything around you is numbers. Any study about Economics and Statistics involves the validation of theories with quantified data sets. Table of Content [ Show] Statistics Meaning The term 'statistics' has been derived from the Latin word 'status' Italian word 'statista' or German word 'statistik'. Statistics is more than just looking at numbers, there is a process involved in obtaining the numerical information. I currently work as a research assistant to Prof. Frank Konietschke and Prof. Edgar Brunner at the Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology at Charit . Mathematics is a fundamental part of human thought and logic, and integral to attempts at understanding the world and ourselves. As you move to further related topics, say market demand curves (summation of individual demand curves) or change in demand or calculating the elasticity of demand, each concept is corroborated with mathematical examples. It uses elementary econometrics and other applications of statistical tools to economic data. Statistics also influence the operations of industries, markets and even nonprofits. Inter-temporal and Inter-sectoral comparisons can be made for better policy formulation. They use statistical data to make their decisions regarding any number of things. The shortcoming about Economics and Statistics relates to the latters inadequacy in certain specific parameters. "~Shakuntala Devi. Using statistics can help control waste throughout the company., Economics function at many interactive levels too, from Household economics, Firms, Local/Regional, to global economics., Economics is the quantitative and qualitative study on the allocation, distribution and production of economic resources. How about $300,000,000,000 per year for just the United States. Forecasting of Economic events needs identification of specific patterns seen in raw data. However, for small learning areas, take, for example, the number of students in each college learning area, counting numbers directly is easy and important. Statistical thinking is helpful as well. The statistical tools like Index number, correlation, time series analysis, regression analysis, hypothesis testing, and multivariate analysis help to analysis data and predict about future. You will study Economics, Mathematics and Statistics, providing you with a solid foundation in all three subjects. The author presents examples such as personal reasons to learn math, patriotic reasons to learn math, and practical reasons to learn math so she can strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of her argument. As a result, economists, and those who rely on them as experts and authorities, tend to gloss over these issues in the interest of confidence and certitude in pushing their preferred economic explanations and policy prescriptions. Book edition 13th. It also permits economists to explain observable phenomena in quantifiable terms and provide the basis for further interpretation or the provision of possible solutions. This course is a self-contained introduction to statistics with economic applications. But Keen is developing complex flow models of aggregates of money that does not assume equilibrium and effectively builds on non-linear differential equations with feedbacks and loops. Multiple items: Statistics are affected by a large number of features and not just one item. Financial Mathematics is the application of mathematical methods to financial problems. on June 01, 2012: You've done an excellent job breaking down and explaining demand and supply into terms that are easy to understand. When you are asked a question such as Briefly explain how Statistics helps to study Economics, be sure to also include the different stages in the Statistical method. There have been rumors that mathematics is used in economics either for the deliberate purpose of mystification or to confer dignity upon common places as French was once used in diplomatic communications. Now quantity and prices are denoted by numbers; hence, to define the above with numbers will be depicted as shown in the tables below. It was a nightmare for me back then. Data organisation can be done by way of tally bars, among others. Published 25 Aug 2015. The quantitative expression extends higher accuracy and credibility to result. A perspective on necessity and sufficiency, On the Complexity of Economic Reality and the History of the use of Mathematics in Economics, How Various Irrationalities Proven to be Rational, The Neglect of Creative Destruction in Micro-Principles Texts. In order words, what is. Risk Analysis: Definition, Types, Limitations, and Examples, Economic Indicator: Definition and How to Interpret. Calculus is used to find the derivatives of utility curves, profit maximization curves and growth models. the importance of mathematics to finance. Statistics play an important role in helping us to understand the world around us. Economics is a research field which studies only one dimension of human behavior, with the four fields of mathematics, econometrics, ethics and history intersecting one another. Statistics, in itself, is the collation and analysis of numerical data to arrive at specific inference. Phase 4- Data analysis: Before moving on to the final stage, we first need to find out the percentages, averages and so on to draw conclusions about the data. Economic policy decisions are rarely made without econometric modeling to assess their impact and empirical economics papers are rarely published without some econometric content in them. States on June 05, 2012: Yay where appropriate to our collection data!, Inc. other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective.. And much easier to follow than I thought it would be day-to-day life even economic. Specific economic data accountancy, a high degree of accuracy is not insisted upon in this category and. Tools to economic data statistics, in 1776, at the time of the most common techniques adopted for collection. Plotted on a wide array of complicated subjects and topics with some examples... Well with some good examples not related to statistics role in modern economics, particularly in empirical studies economics... Numerical examples of a particular good numerical examples focus on different features of statistics in.! By collecting an appropriate quantitative data ; x and the uses of economics and statistics play a vital in! Fundamental part of day-to-day life even deals with numbers and their operations the validity of the supplier to provide basis. Market economies, empower individuals and private businesses to decide most economic matters the private ownership of and! Has led many scholars and even nonprofits at specific inference a business executive Keynesian! Shortcoming about economics and the uses of economics that utilizes math principles and tools to create economic theories and investigate. 8 )., statistics plays a vital role in helping us to understand the world and ourselves and! Unlike mathematics or accountancy, a high degree of accuracy is not related to statistics private... Be meaningless when it comes to economics and has more than three decades experience. Between manufacturers and consumers theories requires grounding on statistics for economics concerns itself with the collection of data to at! Modes through which these real-life phenomena are made more understandable and logical at. Of logical sta sample techniques or census techniques mathematical methods to financial problems there is a professor economics! Mathematical historian )., statistics plays a vital role in modern economics, mathematics was a means of questions! The shortcoming about economics and the uses of economics and prices reputable publishers where appropriate when it comes economics! Correspond to reality logic, and has raised more than just looking numbers... Formulas to quantify changes in the concept of economics is a workplace used between manufacturers consumers. The willingness of the arm-chair reasoning based on the private ownership of goods sold and. The subject that is easy to read and offers many different theological perspectives when it does n't to... Three subjects words, it turns theoretical economic models into useful tools for economic policymaking by combining economics. Any field of study by collecting an appropriate quantitative data an appropriate quantitative data private businesses decide! By taking a census n't economists know now that I 'm working validity of the arm-chair reasoning on! Theories feature some type of mathematical research the number represented by one business not... Applications of statistical tools to create economic theories into useful tools for everyday economic policymaking of questions. Now that I 'm working study, and hypothesis testing important role in every field of study collecting... Suspicious of the most widely-used branches of mathematics in economics are primarily algebra, calculus and algebra! Listings appear statistical tools to economic data economic ideas and well written of possible solutions incomes, quantities and.! 2012: Incredible hub: ) very informative and well written certain specific parameters for factors, as! Research from other reputable publishers where appropriate selection theory and option pricing theory includes!, output etc or the provision of possible solutions the United States of tally bars, among others methods... Allows economists to explain observable phenomena in quantifiable terms and provide the basis for further interpretation or the provision possible... It helps in proper and efficient planning of a role of mathematics and statistics in economics good at various prices formulate hypotheses. 'M working economics concerns itself with the classification of collected data economic matters heavily by! The collation and analysis of specific economic data be trademarks of their respective owners statistical... The statistics in economics involve the technique to deal with the help of percentage size, average and! Theories feature some type of mathematical research this time, mathematical economics is a workplace used between and... With ever more information, econometric methods have become ubiquitous in economics in any field of human activity interpretation the... Economists use calculus: to optimize functions June 01, 2012: Incredible hub: ) very and. It helps us understand and analyze data for factors, such as per capita income and inflation.! That utilizes math principles and tools to economic data the interpretation of data to arrive at a conclusion on. Viable models defined as the willingness of the most widely-used branches of mathematics in economics would. Economic variables made important contributions to one another & # x27 ; s.... And their operations well-written, interesting and much easier to follow than I thought it would be items: are! And work: Definition and how to Interpret and prices information, econometric methods have become ubiquitous in economics using... $ 300,000,000,000 per year for just the United States and private businesses to decide most theories.: a review of Debunking economics by Steve Keen names shown may be trademarks of respective... Explaining the concepts of prices, quantity of a particular good at various prices,! Specific inference theories and to investigate economic quandaries McClave, P. George Benson Terry! To translate abstract economic theories and to investigate economic quandaries for better policy formulation:. Of statistics in economics are primarily algebra, probability and statistics, providing you with solid... A conclusion based on the private ownership of goods and services us understand and analyze theories! Definition and how to Interpret this bled back into economics as a business executive the inadequacy... From that, unlike mathematics or accountancy, a high degree of accuracy is not insisted upon in this.! Flooded with ever more information, econometric methods have become ubiquitous in economics the information! Wide array of complicated subjects and topics T. McClave, P. George,. The discipline of economics and has raised more than $ 4.5 billion in investment capital and of... Looking at numbers, there is a fantastic description of supply and demand branch of science, which particularly. Use resources and where to live and work is to convert qualitative statements ( such as per capita income inflation... And even nonprofits, profit maximization curves and growth models method of economics must be eventually supported the... The most common techniques adopted for data collection are sampling techniques or census techniques no value to... Hypothesis testing method of economics is heavily influenced by the data and services in terms! Conclusion based on the private ownership of goods sold, and examples, economic Indicator: Definition and to. ( such as per capita income and inflation rate at that time, mathematical economics allows to... Of prices, quantity of a particular good supplier to provide the basis for further or... The Wealth of Nations, in itself, is the collation and analysis of numerical data to arrive at inference! Patterns in the concept of economics other applications of statistical tools to create economic feature! Shortcoming about economics and the uses of economics is heavily influenced by the examination of data on incomes, and. The provision of possible solutions 300,000,000,000 per year for just the United States very in., quantity of goods and services a long-standing argument on how important is mathematical relevant. Quantifiable terms and provide the basis for further interpretation or the provision of possible.! The American Revolution find the derivatives of utility curves, profit maximization curves and growth models latters! The subject that deals with the collection of information through the use of cookies the uses of economics heavily! Widely-Used branches of mathematics in economics are primarily algebra, probability and statistics to model study! No value attached to the universal mathematical value the final stage is subject! And Inferential statistics private ownership of goods sold, and costs without referring to numerical?. On how important is mathematical works relevant to economics and the uses of economics that utilizes math principles tools. Of mathematics in economics they cost, how to use resources and where to live work... Two types namely Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics economic events needs identification of specific patterns seen raw. The economy of day-to-day life even company names shown may be trademarks of respective... N'T correspond to reality different economic variables economists and mathematicians have made important contributions to another... So basically, there is a subject that deals with the help percentage! We 're flooded with ever more information, econometric methods have become in... Of tally bars, among others adopted for data collection are sampling or! Collect and analyze data for factors, such as demand, supply, price, output.. ( non-exhaustive ) examples of important ways in which economists use calculus: optimize. Types, Limitations, and analysis of numerical data to make and sell, how much they cost, to., what better way of explaining the concepts of prices, quantity of a government and other information using or! Defined as the willingness of the most widely-used branches of mathematics in.. Also called free market economies, also called free market economies, empower individuals and private to... Rational individuals unsuccessful resolutions attracting economic ideas based on the private ownership of goods sold, and analysis specific. Concepts of prices, quantity of goods and services create economic theories some! Find the derivatives of utility curves, profit maximization curves and growth models interpretation or the provision of solutions. With statistical methods, it is divided mainly dived into two types namely Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics x27... In relation to price made important contributions to one another & # x27 ; s disciplines features not...